Global food security under climate change pdf

A new assessment of climate change impacts on food production shortfalls and water availability in Russia. Abstract While previous studies have focused on impacts of average climate change on Russian agriculture and water resources, this study takes into account the impact of changing frequency and … Expand.

Climate change, vulnerability and adaptation in North Africa with focus on Morocco. Abstract Our study links environmental impacts of climate change to major socio-economic and agricultural developments in North Africa. We jointly investigate climate projections, vulnerability, … Expand. Climate change: linking adaptation and mitigation through agroforestry.

Agriculture is the human enterprise that is most vulnerable to climate change. Tropical agriculture, particularly subsistence agriculture is particularly vulnerable, as smallholder farmers do not … Expand. From Figure 1 , it can be denoted that since , Carbon dioxide CO 2 emissions have been considerably low and the amount of arable land was high. However, since , CO 2 emissions have been volatile and have increased, and the amount of arable land has decreased significantly.

This decrease is caused by an increase in global warming World Bank Drought severity has increased with global warming, degrading available arable land. Many households in rural areas are dependent largely on subsistence farming for survival, and with a decrease in arable land, these households will face a lack of food security. Global warming will have significant negative effects on food security, with estimates of an additional amount of between 5 and million people at risk of hunger by the year Statistical Review on World Energy To mitigate the impact of CO 2 emissions on food security, Barrett suggests that there should an implementation of a policy targeting the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, as well as maintenance and recovery of soil in areas affected by climate change.

This would assist subsistence farmers which are in need of increased food production to be a more appropriate solution. Figure 2 illustrates trends of crop production and population growth. Figure 2 illustrates that crop production per hectare has historically been volatile, while population growth rate has been relatively constant over the past 20 years. From Figure 1 , it can be denoted that over the last two decades, the population has, on an average, been growing at a rate higher than that of crop production.

The production of crops comprises maize, rice, wheat and soybean. The challenge of food security is exacerbated by an increase in population which is greater than the rate of food production, resulting in an increase in the number of households to feed. In essence, the demand for food exceeds the supply of food, thus leading to food shortage.

This is confirmed by the World Bank , reporting that global population continues to rise; however, the growth rate between food production and population growth is not equal. The crop production yield per hectare is, on average, increasing at a rate below that of global population. Table 1 shows that over the past two decades, the population has on average been growing at a rate higher than that of crop yields. From to , the average growth of crop production is 1.

This raises a concern as it implies that food security is seriously challenged, as the population growth is greater than the crop production. This implies that food production will not be able to meet global demand for food, leaving millions of people having reduced food security. Lobell et al. If yield per hectare increases at a rate slower than that of population, then food shortages experienced throughout the world will only get worse, aided by global warming.

The effects of global warming on crops depend greatly on region and type of crop. However, it seems that poorer countries, more prone to be affected by global warming, need to adjust their crops to a greater extent than their more developed counterparts Lobell et al.

To address some of the aforementioned challenges, the Department of Environmental Affairs reported that farmers have adopted various strategies to mitigate the impact of climate change on their farming, which include:. The South African government committed itself to half poverty levels between and In his State of the Nation Address , the president of the Republic of South Africa, Jacob Zuma, noted that food security was re-prioritised as one of the top priorities for the government.

This is because climate change and its impact on food in security is increasingly recognised as a major concern in different parts of the world, including South Africa.

One of the main components in meeting that goal is household food security. Compared to other African countries, South Africa is largely considered as a food secure nation, producing sufficient staple foods and having the capacity to import food in order to meet the basic nutritional requirements of its population FAO Hart and Aliber similarly argue that South Africa seems to be food secured at the national level, but the same cannot be said at household level, particularly in rural areas, where majority of the people largely depend on agriculture.

Landman , however, found that food security is a serious challenge that still persists in South Africa. In addition, embedded in Section 26 and 27 1 b of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa of is the right to access sufficient food and water.

The national food security indicators reported that South Africa has been able to meet the food needs of its growing population over the years, there are however no clear statistics to ascertain food security at household level Statistics South Africa Hendriks found that in South Africa, a large proportion of households in rural areas are vulnerable to incidences of food insecurity.

Knueppel et al. More worryingly, Earl noted that hunger and malnutrition are still prevalent in South Africa and this is as a result of inequalities in accessing productive land. According to the authors, an individual is classified to be food insecure if he or she receives less than Kilocalories per day, which is equivalent to R per person per month. In Johannesburg, Rudolph revealed that there is a strong relationship between employment, income and food insecurity.

His study concluded that members of households with full time jobs were more likely to be food secured than those with part-time jobs. Large parts of Kenya, Ethiopia and Somalia have experienced insufficient rainfall By , climate change could force more than million people into extreme poverty. We take a look at how Conflict, climate disaster, chronic poverty.

The need now is more urgent than ever. Give now to help transform lives. Concern Worldwide US. First Name Share Tweet Email. Climate change and food security: Fast facts Climate change is a threat multiplier for hungry and undernourished people.

Countries with high levels of hunger are often also highly vulnerable to climate change, and have a low capacity to adapt. Climate change affects food production and availability, access, quality, utilization, and stability of food systems. In short, it impacts all aspects of the food system. Extreme weather-related disasters are increasing and reduce the yields of major crops. Higher levels of CO2 reduce the nutritional value of crops. The global food system contributes about one-third of greenhouse gas emissions.

These losses therefore exacerbate climate change without improving food security or nutrition. Climate change and conflict combined destroy livelihoods, drive displacement, widen inequalities, and undermine sustainable development. Ending hunger and undernutrition in a changing climate demands large-scale action. Carbon Calculator. Bending the curve of terrestrial biodiversity needs an integrated strategy. Nature , — Feed the world: a challenge and an opportunity.

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Change 8 , — Gouel, C. Bijl, D. A physically-based model of long-term food demand. Change 45 , 47—62 Dawson, T. Modelling impacts of climate change on global food security. Change , — Download references. We thank J. Webbink, C. Barrasso and W. We thank T. Hasegawa, K. Wiebe, D. Croz, A.

Tabeau and M. Valin for useful suggestions to improve the paper. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript. Wageningen Economic Research, the Hague, the Netherlands. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Michiel van Dijk. The diagram shows the different phases of the literature search and screening as well as the number of studies that have been included in the systematic literature review and the number of studies for which data could be extracted for the construction of the Global Food Security Projections Database.

See Methods and Supplementary Information for the details of the systematic literature review approach, protocol and selected studies. Source: table 2 in ref. The diamond in the boxplot indicates the mean value and the whiskers indicate the maximum and minimum range of observations.

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